Distinguished Professor, Emeritus Professor, and other professorships with highest honour and contributions to knowledge and society.Main article: Academic ranks in Australia Term of address in general: ostād or استاد Argentina Distinguished Professor (in Pashto لوی پوهاند).Senior Associate professor (in Pashto پوهنوال).Associate Professor (in Pashto پوهندوی).

Senior Assistant Professor (in Pashto پوهنمل).Lecturer or Assistant Professor (in Pashto پوهنیار).These ranks are issued stepwise by the MoHE after some procedures, a period of service and conditions. Ranks in universities of Afghanistan are listed below according to the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) of Afghanistan. The lists below refer specifically to colleges and universities throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning may follow a similar schema. The list of academic ranks below identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars and personnel in academia. The academic rank is conferred only after the person has been successfully working in the docent or professor position for a certain period (and later underwent a centralized control procedure), i.e. So in modern Russia there exist the docent and professor ranks, whereas the set of positions in academia is broader. However in some countries the terms 'position' and 'academic rank' are not synonyms. Therefore the term 'academic rank' usually means the same as 'position in academia'. In most cases, the academic rank is automatically attached to a person at the time of employment in a position with the same name, and deprived when a working relation is expired. Among the common ranks are professor, associate professor (docent), assistant professor and instructor. The academic ranks are specific for each country, there is no worldwide-unified ranking system. The academic ranks indicate relative importance and power of individuals in academia. Academic rank (also scientific rank) is the rank of a scientist or teacher in a college, high school, university or research establishment.

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